Pine bark extract (Pycnogenol)

Tier 3 — weak evidence · Circulation · Skin · Antioxidant

A potent antioxidant extract from French maritime pine bark. Multiple small trials show improvements in poor leg circulation, skin elasticity, and blood vessel function. Contains similar active compounds to grape seed extract. Generally well tolerated with a good safety record. Most evidence comes from small, manufacturer-funded studies.

Dose: 100–200 mg/day standardised extract (65–75% procyanidins)