Piracetam

Tier 2 — promising · Nootropic · Original racetam · Cognitive decline

The original racetam nootropic, synthesised in 1964 by Corneliu Giurgea who coined the term "nootropic." Modulates AMPA and NMDA receptors and improves membrane fluidity. Cochrane review found insufficient evidence for cognitive enhancement in healthy adults but modest benefits in age-related cognitive decline. Approved as a prescription drug in many European countries. Very safe profile.

Dose: 1,200–4,800 mg/day in 2–3 divided doses; higher doses often needed for noticeable effects