Omega-3 (EPA/DHA)

Tier 1 — strong evidence · Cardiovascular · Inflammation

Essential polyunsaturated fats with well-established benefits for lowering triglycerides and supporting cardiovascular, brain and joint health. Meta-analyses of 40,000+ participants confirm dose-dependent triglyceride reduction, and the REDUCE-IT trial found 4 g/day prescription EPA cut major cardiac events by 25% in high-risk patients. One dose-dependent caveat: O'Keefe 2024 (PMID 39617283, 8 RCTs, 83,112 individuals) found pharmaceutical doses of 1.8-4 g/day raise atrial-fibrillation risk by ~50% (vagally mediated), while dietary intake near 650 mg/day is associated with LOWER AFib risk.…

Dose: Dietary/general cardiovascular: 500–1,000 mg/day EPA+DHA with meals. Triglyceride management: 2–4 g/day under medical supervision. Lower doses (650 mg/day) carry the best risk-benefit profile for AFib-prone individuals.