White peony (Paeonia lactiflora)

Tier 3 — weak evidence · Autoimmune · Hormonal · Liver

Contains paeoniflorin, which has anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties. Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine formulas for autoimmune conditions, particularly rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. A few Chinese trials show benefit when combined with conventional drugs, but standalone evidence is limited. May affect liver enzymes and interact with immunosuppressants. Used primarily in combination formulas rather than alone.

Dose: 500–1,500 mg/day extract standardised to paeoniflorin; primarily used in TCM combination formulas