Naringenin

Tier 3 — weak evidence · Citrus flavonoid · Metabolic · Antiviral

The aglycone flavanone predominant in grapefruit and bitter orange, with mechanistic profile distinct from hesperidin. Improves insulin sensitivity, reduces lipogenesis, and shows antiviral activity against multiple RNA viruses in vitro (including HCV, dengue, SARS-CoV-2). Clinical data in humans remains limited but mechanistically strong. Importantly naringenin is the active metabolite responsible for some grapefruit-drug interactions (CYP3A4 inhibition) — caution if taking CYP3A4 substrates.

Dose: 150–600 mg naringenin daily (often with piperine or phospholipid delivery)