Borage oil (GLA)

Tier 3 — weak evidence · Omega-6 GLA · Skin · Inflammation

Borage seed oil is the highest-GLA (gamma-linolenic acid) commercial source at roughly 20-24% GLA — approximately 2-3x evening primrose oil. GLA bypasses the rate-limiting delta-6-desaturase step and feeds into anti-inflammatory series-1 prostaglandins. Evidence is modest for atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetic neuropathy. Contains small amounts of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) — use only products certified PA-free for long-term use. Not a direct EPA/DHA substitute.

Dose: 1000–3000 mg borage oil daily (providing 240–720 mg GLA)