Bee propolis

Tier 3 — weak evidence · Immunity · Wound healing · Oral health

A resinous substance bees make to protect their hives. A 2024 review of 15 trials found significant improvements in mouth-sore healing and wound recovery. Confirmed antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties in lab and human studies. Contraindicated in bee or pollen allergy — serious allergic reactions including anaphylaxis have occurred.

Dose: 300–500 mg/day standardised extract; absolutely contraindicated in bee/pollen allergy